Adolescent Mental Health - Articles on peer pressure, self-esteem, bullying, and other aspects of adolescence.

Adolessons Teen Advice by Lucie Walters - Lucie Walters writes Adolessons, a syndicated newspaper and online question and answer column for teens. Published every day on the web, she is beginning her 14th year of offering teens anonymous and confidental advice.

Alcohol and Other Drug Information for Teens [ Teens/Mature Teens ] - FAQs on drug/alcohol abuse plus links to other help pages; created by the National Children’s Coalition.

Babies Or Our Youth [ Mature Teens ] - Site for young/teen people who are parenting or pregnant. It is run by a young parent and covers many pregnancy and parenting issues.

Because I Love You Parent Support Group - A non-profit organization dedicated to supporting parents with troubled children of any age.

Child Development Institute - Provides information on child development, psychology, parenting, health, safety, teens & learning disabilities. Also offers news, research & discussion groups.

Community Youth Project, serving the needs of Youth at Risk. - Community Youth Project - Helping street kids in the San Francisco Bay area get off the streets.

Conduct Disorders - Support group and resource center for families, educators and therapists of children with a behavior disorder; ADHD, ADD, ODD, CD, Depression, OCD, RAD and Bi-Polar.

CoolMD.com [ Mature Teens ] - Provides health information for teens and young adults to learn about healthy living and medicine including, anxiety , stress, depression, drugs, eating disorders, pregnancy and rape.

CrossCreek4Teens - Refers defiant teenagers to specialty schools dealing with substance abuse, delinquency, emotional issues, and rebellion problems.

Dearteen - We are here to help you find solutions to your problems, and to aid you in any difficult situations or problems you are faced with. This site is meant for teenagers but we accept anyone and everyone. Teen-Teen, and runned by Teenagers.

Effective Parenting Strategies [ Kids ] - Professional parenting advice from James Windell on children with behavior problems and ADD/ADHD. Also offers workshops, parent quiz, columns, books and articles.

Familyhood - Creating Happier Families [ Kids ] - Parenting resources designed to teach effective parenting of teenagers and strengthening of the family.

Focus Adolescent Services - Resources, information, and support for parents and professionals. Also has listings of schools, treatment centers, support groups and hotlines.

For Heavens Sake - Ministering to the lost, needy, downtrodden, and hopeless about God and a better way of life.

Freevibe - Teen approach to peer pressure, anti-drug message and the media. Personal stories, online games, and message boards.

Girls and Boys Town [ Kids ] - National organization that offers help, hope and healing to abused, abandoned, neglected, handicapped or otherwise troubled children. Many locations throughout the United States.

Health 4 Teens - Teen health site addressing the issues and prevention of drinking, smoking, eating disorders, sex, stress and STD’s.

Heartlight Ministries - A residential adolescent Christian counseling center for struggling teens and families with referral service to other programs.

Help4Teens - Offers information, resources and self-help guides that address many teen problems, hotlines, links and relationship quiz.

JagNet Teen Crisis Centre - A volunteer based organization offering advice for teens in 15 languages. This site is maintained by and for teens.

Juvenile Justice - Teen Advoates USA is a non-profit watch-dog group that monitors the safety and well-being of teenagers in private and public locked residential treatment centers and correctional facilities

Keep Your Children Safe - Prevent your teen from running away or being lured away. What to do first if your child is missing.

Kids in Trouble Help Page - Site dedicated to helping kids and teens that are being abused, or runaways, or those thinking about running away or suicide. Site also includes emergency phone numbers, and helpful links.

Kids-in-Crisis [ Kids/Teens ] - An online resource site for kids and teens who are having difficult life problems and questions and do not know how or where to turn for help. Topics include: suicide, abuse, drug/alcohol abuse, sexual identity, violence, AIDS, runaways, sexually transmitted diseases, and self esteem/self concept.

KIDSRIGHTS [ Kids ] - Produces and distributes helpful, empowering materials for teens, adolescents, parents and professionals.

Let Our Violence End [ Teens/Mature Teens ] - L.O.V.E. is a whole community approach that trains groups and individuals how to reach those involved in negative and abusive behaviors.

MK Ranch School [ Mature Teens ] - Helping struggling and troubled teens since 1987.

National Runaway Switchboard - Offers a confidential toll free hotline for teens and parents. 24 hours a day.

NEO Teen Helpline, Inc. [ Teens/Mature Teens ] - A toll-free telephone help line for teens to talk about whatever is bothering them. Staffed by both teens & adults.

NICHCY [ Kids ] - National information center that provides information on disabilities and disability related issues. Children and youth, birth to age 22, are our special focus.

Parent Teen Help - A place to find guidance and help for troubled teens. Find out what programs and teen help is available.

Parent Watch - Offers a parent support program that brings professionals together with parents of problem teens in a supportive, problem solving forum.

Parenting Today’s Teen - Provides information, insight and support for parents of teens.

Parents In Crisis [ Mature Teens ] - A support group for parents having problems with their teenager’s behavior.

Parentteen.com - An online magazine for parents of teens and preteens.

Pleasestop.com - Students can stop hate, violence, racism, harassment, bullying and drugs. Free message boards for students (teens and pre-teens) moderated by Dr. Marshall Colt, a licensed mental health professional.

The Preventative - Offers suicide prevention information and articles.

Prevention of Battering During Teen Pregnancy Project - Information and links related to abuse during teen pregnancy. Available in English and Spanish.

Quality Life [ Mature Teens ] - Answering today’s teenage questions on sex, drugs, and personal problems.

Recovery in Action [ Mature Teens ] - Offers solutions and support for adolescents and young adults struggling in their home, school or community as a result of substance abuse and/or behavioral problems.

Resource Association for Teens [ Mature Teens ] - A drop in centre for youth who need a safe place. Counselling, free food, shower facilities, internet access and more. Located in St. Catharines, Ontario Canada.

Ribbon of Promise - Resource for communication, education, planning and action to end school violence.

Sharp Suspension Program - For teens suspended from school, a tutoring and mentoring program run by volunteers to help students stay up while they are on suspension.

Strugglingteens.com - A networking resource for parents and professionals working with teens making poor decisions.

Sunhawk Academy - Offers programs for improving and developing the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual well-being of troubled teens and their families.

Teen Advice Online - Offers a group of dedicated counselers, a publication, a place to share stories and e-mail advice.

Teen Challenge World Wide Network - Offers information about centers around the world. We offer help to those with life-controlling problems such as drug and alcohol abuse.

Teen Crisis Center - Site created to help teens with problems as they come. Email your questions to a teen who is trained in many different crisis solving mothods.

Teen Drug Use [ Kids/Teens ] - 34 warning signs of teen drug use. Includes toll free hotline and links.

Teen Help.org - Inviting teens to write for advice from our staff composed of your peers - teens from around the world.

Teen Outreach Project - A program to get teens involved in the prevention of domestic violence and dating violence.

Teen Planet [ Kids/Teens/Mature Teens ] - Offers Advice to teens from dedicated teen counselors. We have news, music, fashion, counselors, classifieds, Free email and chat.

Teen Troubles - E-mail support group for troubled youth who are overwhelmed by life and need someone to talk to.

Teenage Suicide - An open letter about teenage suicide, what are the warning signs, what can we do about it, strategies for coping and featuring the video, Picture of Priority.

Teenagers and Mental Health [ Teens/Mature Teens ] - Articles on adolescent mental health - depression, suicide, youth violence, substance abuse, sexuality.

Teen-Anon - Offers information, support and resources for teens with drug or alcohol problems and their families.

Teens in Trouble [ Kids/Teens ] - Phone numbers for contacting nationwide programs for teens in any kind of trouble.

TFT Today - Located in Victorville, CA offers classes on domestic violence intervention, anger management, drug and alchol relapse prevention parenting, building healthy relationships and victim awarenes.

Tips on Teens - Offers parents information, guidelines and links to resources on a variety of issues affecting today’s teens.

Traveling Magazine Crew [ Mature Teens ] - Information and education for teens and parents on the dangers of working for traveling magazine and soap crews.

Troubledchildren.com [ Mature Teens ] - Referral program for parents of teens with behavioral issues.

Youth Change - Provides answers for troubled, at risk adolescents and children. Help for youth who are apathetic, aggressive, dropouts, delinquent, impulsive, emotionally disturbed or depressed.

YouthHIV.org - Offering educaton and support for those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. Our primary focus is helping youth under the age of 25.

Youth violence may have peaked in the mid to late 1990’s however it remains a leading killer of young people. According to statistics released by the Centers on Disease Control (CDC) more than 877,700 young people between the ages of 10 and 24 were injured in 2002, and approximately 1 in 13 were injured.

Each day over 15 youth are murdered in the United States. Shockingly, homicide remains the second leading cause of death among young people ages 10 to 24 overall. Only vehicular accidents claim more young lives each year.

The majority of the young people who are killed, 79%, are killed by fiarms. Areas of the country that have imposed limitations on firearms and ammunitions purchases have wittnessed a decline in both murders and suicides by young people.

Between 1994 and 1999, 172 students ages 5 to 18 were killed on or near school grounds or at school-related activities (Anderson et al. 2001).

More than 50% of all school-associated violent deaths occur at the beginning or end of the school day or during lunch (Anderson et al. 2001).

In a nationwide survey, 17% of students reported carrying a weapon (e.g., gun, knife, or club) on one or more days in the 30 days preceding the survey (Grunbaum et al. 2004).

Among students nationwide, 33% reported being in a physical fight one or more times in the 12 months preceding the survey (Grunbaum et al. 2004).

Data from a study of 8th and 9th grade students showed 25% had been victims of nonsexual dating violence and 8% had been victims of sexual dating violence (Foshee et al. 1996).

Nationwide, 9% of students reported being hit, slapped, or physically hurt on purpose by their boyfriend or girlfriend in the 12 months prior to being surveyed (Grunbaum et al. 2004).

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Groups at Risk

Among 10 to 24 year olds, homicide is the leading cause of death for African-Americans, the second leading cause of death for Hispanics, and the third leading cause of death for American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Asian Pacific Islanders (Anderson and Smith 2003).

Of the 5,486 homicides reported in the 10 to 24 age group in 2001, 85% (4,659) were males and 15% (827) were females (CDC 2004).

A nationwide survey found male students (41%) more likely to have been involved in a physical fight than female students (25%) in the 12 months preceding the survey (Grunbaum et al. 2004).

A nationwide survey found female students (12%) more likely than male students (6%) to have been forced to have sexual intercourse (Grunbaum et al. 2004).
Risk Factors

The first step in preventing youth violence is to identify and understand the risk factors. A risk factor is anything that increases the likelihood of a person suffering harm. Risk factors are not necessarily causes. Research has identified the following risk factors for youth violence (DHHS 2001; Lipsey and Derzon 1998):

Individual

* Attention deficits/hyperactivity
* Antisocial beliefs and attitudes
* History of early aggressive behavior
* Involvement with drugs, alcohol, or tobacco
* Early involvement in general offenses
* Low IQ
* Poor behavioral control
* Social cognitive or information-processing deficits

Family

* Authoritarian childrearing attitudes
* Exposure to violence and family conflict
* Harsh, lax, or inconsistent disciplinary practices
* Lack of involvement in the child’s life
* Low emotional attachment to parents or caregivers
* Low parental education and income
* Parental substance abuse and criminality
* Poor family functioning
* Poor monitoring and supervision of children

Peer/School

* Association with delinquent peers
* Involvement in gangs
* Social rejection by peers
* Lack of involvement in conventional activities
* Poor academic performance
* Low commitment to school and school failure

Neighborhood/Community

* Diminished economic opportunity
* High concentrations of poor residents
* High levels of transiency
* High levels of family disruption
* Low community participation
* Socially disorganized neighborhoods

Protective Factors

Recent research focuses on how people recover from adverse situations, bringing a new awareness of the importance protective factors have in preventing youth violence. Protective factors are individual or environmental aspects that buffer young people from the effects of risk. Identifying and understanding protective factors are equally as important as researching risk factors.

To date, protective factors have not been studied as extensively or with the same scientific rigor as risk factors. Most existing research is preliminary; however, studies propose the following protective factors (DHHS 2001):

Individual Protective Factors

* Intolerant attitude toward deviance
* High IQ
* Positive social orientation

Peer/School Protective Factors

* Commitment to school
* Involvement in social activities

References:

Anderson MA, Kaufman J, Simon TR, Barrios L, Paulozzi L, Ryan G, et al. School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1994-1999. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001;286:2695–702.

Anderson RN, Smith BL. Deaths: leading causes for 2001. National Vital Statistics Report 2003;52(9):1–86.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online]. (2004). Available from: URL: www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars. [Cited 2004 May 24].

Department of Health and Human Services (US). Youth violence: a report of the Surgeon General [online] 2001 Available from: URL: www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence. [Cited 2004 May 24].

Foshee VA, Linder GF, Bauman, KE, et al. The Safe Dates Project: theoretical basis, evaluation design, and selected baseline findings. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Supplement 1996;12(5):39-47.

Grunbaum JA, Kann L, Kinchen S, Ross JG, Lowry R, Harris WA, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2003. MMWR 2004;53(SS-2):1–100. Available from: URL: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5302a1.htm

Lipsey MW, Derzon JH. Predictors of violent and serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: a synthesis of longitudinal research. In: Loeber R, Farrington DP, editors. Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications; 1998. p. 86-105.

Joe Reynolds
435-836-2051
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reynolds@mstcruiser.net

800-786-4924
801-572-6989
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Draper, UT 84020
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Rusty Lundin
800-726-6755
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Billings, MT 59106-3599
yellowstone@mcn.net

800-637-0701
Headquarters in
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ken@wwasp.com

For teens, there is a strong relationship between the use of drugs and violence. Teens who report engaging in violent behavior are also extremely likely to report using alcohol and other drugs. One national survey found that 94% of violent teens reported using alcohol, 85% reported using marijuana and 55% reported using several illegal drugs.

The relationship between drugs and violence is complicated. Some teens may become violent under the influence of drugs. It is also likely that some teens engage in violence in order to get money to buy drugs. In most cases, however, it appears that the use of drugs does not cause violent behavior.
Instead, it seems that violence and substance use are both part of a lifestyle that involves antisocial and delinquent behavior. In many cases, the violent behavior actually comes before the substance use. The drug use is just one aspect of a risky and dangerous lifestyle.
While the use of drugs does not generally cause teens to become involved in violence, those violent teens who do use illegal drugs tend to engage in violent behavior more frequently and to continue to engage in violence much longer than those violent youth that do not use drugs.

Substance Use and Suicide
Teens that use alcohol and/or other drugs are much more likely to attempt and die by suicide. In one study of teen suicide, drug and alcohol abuse was the most common characteristic of those who attempted suicide: 70% of the youth who died by suicide frequently used alcohol and/or other drugs. However, research has not proven that drug and alcohol use actually causes suicidal behavior, only that the two behaviors are associated. It may be that teens that have emotional problems are more likely to use drugs and to contemplate suicide. Another possibility is that the use of drugs aggravates pre-existing depression or other emotional problems. Drugs and alcohol may also impair the judgment of teens considering suicide, making suicide attempts more likely.

Children’s Privacy:
We do not knowingly collect personal information from children under the age of 13. If we learn that we have personal information on a child under the age of 13, we will delete that information from our systems. At TroubledTeenResources we encourage parents to go online with their kids. Here are a few tips to help make a child’s online experience safer:
Teach kids never to give personal information, unless supervised by a parent or responsible adult. This includes name, address, phone, school, etc. Know the sites your kids are visiting and which sites are appropriate. Look for Web site privacy policies. Know how your child’s information is treated. Check out the FTC’s site for more tips on protecting children’s privacy online.

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If you have any more questions about what we do or how we do it, please contact us at: E-mail

# Among 12- to 17-year-olds who were current drinkers, 31 percent exhibited extreme levels of psychological distress and 39 percent exhibited serious behavioral problems.1

# Twelve- to sixteen-year-old girls who were current drinkers were four times more likely than their nondrinking peers to suffer depression.2

# In a recent CSAT study, 48 percent of women in treatment for substance abuse had been sexually abused.3

The severity of behavioral problems in adolescents is significantly associated with increased likelihood of adolescent alcohol use.

# Past-month alcohol use was reported by approximately 14 percent of adolescents with low levels of behavioral problems, by 23 percent of those with intermediate problem scores, and by 38 percent of those with significant behavioral problems.4

Alcohol drinkers aged 12 to 17 years

# Adolescents with serious behavioral problems were nearly three times more likely to use alcohol than those with low levels of behavioral problems.5

There is a link between suicide and alcohol use in adolescents.

# Twenty-eight percent of suicides by children ages 9 to 15 could be attributed to alcohol.6

# Using a national school sample, a study reported that suicide attempts among heavy-drinking adolescents were three to four times greater than among abstainers.7

Adolescents struggling with serious emotional disturbances (SED) face even greater challenges when they use alcohol.

# Adolescents with high levels of SED were nearly twice as likely as adolescents with low levels of SED to have used alcohol in the past month.8

# Adolescents with high levels of SED were five times as likely as those with low levels of SED to report alcohol dependence.9

Co-occurring disorders prompt new federal action.

# Seven to ten million Americans have at least one mental disorder in addition to an alcohol or drug disorder.

# A 5-year blueprint for action to improve recovery chances by increasing quality prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for people with co-occurring disorders was just sent to Congress by Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson.10

1Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Office of Applied Studies. The Relationship Between Mental Health and Substance Abuse Among Adolescents. (SMA) 99-3286. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 1999.

2 Hanna EZ, Hsiao-ye Y, Dufour MC, et al. The relationship of drinking and other substance use alone and in combination to health and behavior problems among youth ages 12-16: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES III). Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, June 24-29, 2000, Denver, CO.

3Burgdorf K, Chen X, Herrell J. The prevalence and prognostic significance of sexual abuse in substance abuse treatment of women. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT), 2001.

4 SAMHSA. The Relationship Between Mental Health and Substance Abuse Among Adolescents.

5Ibid.

6Unpublished data extrapolated by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism from State Trends in Alcohol Mortality, 1979- 1992; US Alcohol Epidemiolgic Data Reference Manual, Volume 5. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1996.

7Windle M, Miller-Tutzauer C, Domenico D. Alcohol use, suicidal behavior, and risky activities among adolescents. J Res Adolesc 2(4):317-330, 1992.

8SAMHSA. The Relationship Between Mental Health and Substance Abuse Among Adolescents.

9Ibid.

9Report to Congress on the Prevention and Treatment of Co-Occurring Substance Abuse Disorders and Mental Disorders, SAMHSA, 2002.

To change recipient’s name or fax number or to order a catalog of substance abuse publications, call SAMHSA’s National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI) at 1-800-729-6686, TDD 1-800-487-4889 (for the hearing impaired). See ncadi.samhsa.gov for previous Prevention Alerts online.

Prevention Alert is supported by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, and may be copied without permission with appropriate citation. For information about Prevention Alert, please contact CSAP by phone at 301-443-0375, or e-mail gorfalea@samhsa.gov.
HHS LogoU.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Prevention www.samhsa.gov

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